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5. Locality and the comparison principle [01AQ]

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5. Locality and the comparison principle

Let ω\omega be a form as in §4 with {ω}n=1\{\omega\}^{n}=1. In this section we prove the following analogue of [BT87, Proposition 4.2].

Theorem 5.1.

If φ\varphi and ψ\psi are bounded ω\omega-psh functions, then

(5.1) 𝟏{φ>ψ}MA(max{φ,ψ})=𝟏{φ>ψ}MA(φ).\one_{\{\varphi>\psi\}}\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})=\one_{\{\varphi>\psi\}}\MA(\varphi).

A first consequence is the fact that our operator MA\MA is local in nature, something that is not an immediate consequence of our definition in §3.

Corollary 5.2.

Suppose φ\varphi, ψ\psi are bounded ω\omega-psh functions that agree on an open set G⊆XG\subseteq X. Then MA⁡(φ)=MA⁡(ψ)\MA(\varphi)=\MA(\psi) on GG.

Proof.

Given ε>0\varepsilon>0 we apply Theorem 5.1 to φ+ε\varphi+\varepsilon and ψ\psi. This gives MA⁡(max⁡{φ+ε,ψ})=MA⁡(φ)\MA(\max\{\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi\})=\MA(\varphi) on G⊆{φ+ε>ψ}G\subseteq\{\varphi+\varepsilon>\psi\}. Letting ε→0\varepsilon\to 0 and using Theorem 3.1 we get MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})=MA⁡(φ)\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})=\MA(\varphi) on GG. Exchanging the roles of φ\varphi and ψ\psi shows that MA⁡(φ)=MA⁡(ψ)\MA(\varphi)=\MA(\psi) on GG. ∎

Another key consequence of Theorem 5.1 is the comparison principle:

Corollary 5.3.

If φ\varphi and ψ\psi are bounded ω\omega-psh functions, then

∫{φ<ψ}MA(ψ)≤∫{φ<ψ}MA(φ).\int\limits_{\{\varphi<\psi\}}\MA(\psi)\leq\int\limits_{\{\varphi<\psi\}}\MA(\varphi).
Proof.

As in [GZ07, Theorem 1.5] the result easily follows from the locality property by integration. More precisely, for any ε>0\varepsilon>0 we have

1=∫MA(max{φ,ψ−ε})≥∫{φ<ψ−ε}MA(max{φ,ψ−ε})+∫{φ>ψ−ε}MA(max{φ,ψ−ε})=(5.1)∫{φ<ψ−ε}MA(ψ−ε)+∫{φ>ψ−ε}MA(φ)=∫{φ<ψ−ε}MA(ψ)+1−∫{φ≤ψ−ε}MA(φ),1=\int\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi-\varepsilon\})\geq\int\limits_{\{\varphi<\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi-\varepsilon\})+\int\limits_{\{\varphi>\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi-\varepsilon\})\\ \mathop{=}\limits^{\eqref{eq:compar}}\int\limits_{\{\varphi<\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\psi-\varepsilon)+\int\limits_{\{\varphi>\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\varphi)=\int\limits_{\{\varphi<\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\psi)+1-\int\limits_{\{\varphi\leq\psi-\varepsilon\}}\MA(\varphi),

so we obtain the desired estimate by letting ε→0\varepsilon\to 0. ∎

The rest of this section is devoted to the proof of Theorem 5.1. We shall use

Lemma 5.4.

Let (φj)j(\varphi_{j})_{j} be a uniformly bounded net of ω\omega-psh functions, and assume that MA⁡(φj)\MA(\varphi_{j}) converges to MA⁡(φ)\MA(\varphi) in the weak sense of measures for some bounded ω\omega-psh function φ\varphi. Then

∫h​MA⁡(φj)→∫h​MA⁡(φ)as j→∞\int h\MA(\varphi_{j})\to\int h\MA(\varphi)\quad\text{as $j\to\infty$}

for every bounded, quasicontinuous function hh.

Proof.

We may assume 0≤h≤10\leq h\leq 1, −M≤φ≤0-M\leq\varphi\leq 0 and −M≤φj≤0-M\leq\varphi_{j}\leq 0 for all jj, where M≥1M\geq 1. Given ε>0\varepsilon>0, let GG be an open set such that Capω⁡(G)<ε\Capa_{\omega}(G)<\varepsilon and hh is continuous on GcG^{c}, see Definition 4.4. Using the Tietze extension theorem, we extend h|Gch|_{G^{c}} to a continuous function h~\tilde{h} on all of XX such that 0≤h~≤10\leq\tilde{h}\leq 1. We then have

∫h​MA⁡(φj)−∫h​MA⁡(φ)\displaystyle\int h\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int h\MA(\varphi) =∫h~​MA⁡(φj)−∫h~​MA⁡(φ)\displaystyle=\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi)
+∫G(h−h~)MA(φj)−∫G(h−h~)MA(φ).\displaystyle+\int\limits_{G}(h-\tilde{h})\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int\limits_{G}(h-\tilde{h})\MA(\varphi).

It follows from Lemma 4.6 that

|∫h​MA⁡(φj)−∫h​MA⁡(φ)|≤|∫h~​MA⁡(φj)−∫h~​MA⁡(φ)|+2​sup|h−h~|​Mn​Capω⁡(G).\left|\int h\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int h\MA(\varphi)\right|\leq\left|\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi)\right|+2\sup|h-\tilde{h}|M^{n}\,\Capa_{\omega}(G).

Since h~\tilde{h} is continuous, ∫h~​MA⁡(φj)→∫h~​MA⁡(φ)\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi_{j})\to\int\tilde{h}\MA(\varphi) as j→∞j\to\infty, thus

lim supj|∫h​MA⁡(φj)−∫h​MA⁡(φ)|≤4​ε.\limsup_{j}\left|\int h\MA(\varphi_{j})-\int h\MA(\varphi)\right|\leq 4\varepsilon.

Letting ε\varepsilon tend to zero completes the proof. ∎

Proof of Theorem 5.1.

We prove the result for successively more general functions φ\varphi, ψ\psi.

Step 1. First assume φ\varphi, ψ\psi are ω\omega-psh model functions.

Pick an SNC model 𝒳\mathcal{X} on which φ\varphi, ψ\psi and max⁡{φ,ψ}\max\{\varphi,\psi\} are determined by vertical divisors A,BA,B and CC respectively. These three functions are then affine on any face of the dual complex Δ𝒳\Delta_{\mathcal{X}}. Further, MA⁡(φ)\MA(\varphi) and MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\}) are both atomic measures, supported on divisorial points corresponding to irreducible components of the special fiber, see §2.7. If EE is such a component for which φ⁡(xE)>ψ⁡(xE)\varphi(x_{E})>\psi(x_{E}), then φ⁡(xF)≥ψ⁡(xF)\varphi(x_{F})\geq\psi(x_{F}) and hence max⁡{φ⁡(xF),ψ⁡(xF)}=φ⁡(xF)\max\{\varphi(x_{F}),\psi(x_{F})\}=\varphi(x_{F}) for all irreducible components FF of the special fiber intersecting EωE_{\omega}, or else max⁡{φ,ψ}\max\{\varphi,\psi\} would not be affine on the face [xE,xF][x_{E},x_{F}] in Δ𝒳\Delta_{\mathcal{X}}. We have thus shown ordF⁡(A)=ordF⁡(C)\ord_{F}(A)=\ord_{F}(C) for all components FF of 𝒳0\mathcal{X}_{0} intersecting EωE_{\omega}. If follows that A|E=C|EA|_{E}=C|_{E} as numerical classes on EωE_{\omega}, and hence MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})​{xE}=MA⁡(φ)​{xE}\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})\{x_{E}\}=\MA(\varphi)\{x_{E}\} by definition of Monge-Ampère measures of model functions.

Step 2. Now suppose that φ\varphi is an ω\omega-psh model function but that ψ\psi is merely a bounded ω\omega-psh function.

We may assume −M≤φ,ψ<0-M\leq\varphi,\psi<0, where M≥1M\geq 1. Note that the set Ω:={φ>ψ}\Omega:=\{\varphi>\psi\} is open since φ\varphi is continuous and ψ\psi is usc. It suffices to prove that ∫h​MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})=∫h​MA⁡(φ)\int h\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})=\int h\MA(\varphi) for all model functions hh whose support is contained in Ω\Omega and such that 0≤h≤10\leq h\leq 1.

Fix a small number δ>0\delta>0. By Proposition 4.3 there exists an open set G⊆XG\subseteq X and a decreasing sequence (ψj)j=1∞(\psi_{j})_{j=1}^{\infty} of ω\omega-psh model functions on XX such that Capω⁡(G)<δ\Capa_{\omega}(G)<\delta and such that ψj\psi_{j} converges uniformly to ψ\psi on GcG^{c}. Pick ε>0\varepsilon>0 small and rational and write Ωj:={φ+ε>ψj}\Omega_{j}:=\{\varphi+\varepsilon>\psi_{j}\}. For j≫0j\gg 0, we have Ω∩Gc⊆Ωj\Omega\cap G^{c}\subseteq\Omega_{j}. Since φ+ε\varphi+\varepsilon and ψj\psi_{j} are both model functions, we have MA⁡(max⁡{φ+ε,ψj})=MA⁡(φ)\MA(\max\{\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi_{j}\})=\MA(\varphi) on Ωj\Omega_{j} by Step 1. It follows from Lemma 4.6 that

|∫h​MA⁡(max⁡{φ+ε,ψj})−∫h​MA⁡(φ)|\displaystyle\left|\int h\MA(\max\{\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi_{j}\})-\int h\MA(\varphi)\right| ≤|∫Gh​MA⁡(max⁡{φ+ε,ψ})−∫Gh​MA⁡(φ)|\displaystyle\leq\left|\int\limits_{G}h\MA(\max\{\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi\})-\int\limits_{G}h\MA(\varphi)\right|
≤2​Mn​δ,\displaystyle\leq 2M^{n}\delta,

where we have used 0≤h≤10\leq h\leq 1 and −M≤φ+ε,ψ≤0-M\leq\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi\leq 0.

Since hh is a model function, it is the difference of two ω\omega-psh model functions by Proposition 2.6. Now max⁡{φ+ε,ψj}\max\{\varphi+\varepsilon,\psi_{j}\} decreases to max⁡{φ,ψ}\max\{\varphi,\psi\} as j→∞j\to\infty and ε→0\varepsilon\to 0, so Theorem 3.1 and the above inequality imply

|∫h​MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})−∫h​MA⁡(φ)|≤2​Mn​δ.\left|\int h\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})-\int h\MA(\varphi)\right|\leq 2M^{n}\delta.

We obtain the desired equality letting δ→0\delta\to 0.

Step 3. Finally we treat the general case when φ\varphi and ψ\psi are bounded ω\omega-psh functions.

Let (φj)1∞(\varphi_{j})_{1}^{\infty} be a decreasing net of ω\omega-psh model functions converging to φ\varphi. Write Ωj:={φj>ψ}\Omega_{j}:=\{\varphi_{j}>\psi\}. This is an open set. Set u:=max⁡{0,φ−ψ}u:=\max\{0,\varphi-\psi\}. Then

{φ>ψ}={u>0}⊆⋂jΩj.\{\varphi>\psi\}=\{u>0\}\subseteq\bigcap_{j}\Omega_{j}.

By what precedes, MA⁡(max⁡{φj,ψ})=MA⁡(φj)\MA(\max\{\varphi_{j},\psi\})=\MA(\varphi_{j}) on Ωj\Omega_{j}. Moreover max⁡{φj,ψ}\max\{\varphi_{j},\psi\} decreases to max⁡{φ,ψ}\max\{\varphi,\psi\} and so the measure MA⁡(max⁡{φj,ψ})\MA(\max\{\varphi_{j},\psi\}) converges weakly to MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\}). Let ff be a continuous function on XX. By Proposition 4.3 φ,ψ\varphi,\psi are quasicontinuous. It follows that uu and f​ufu are also quasicontinuous, and applying Lemma 5.4 twice we get that

∫f​u​MA⁡(max⁡{φ,ψ})=limj→∞∫f​u​MA⁡(max⁡{φj,ψ})=limj→∞∫f​u​MA⁡(φj)=∫f​u​MA⁡(φ).\int fu\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})=\lim_{j\to\infty}\int fu\MA(\max\{\varphi_{j},\psi\})=\lim_{j\to\infty}\int fu\MA(\varphi_{j})=\int fu\MA(\varphi).

This holds for every f∈C0​(X)f\in C^{0}(X), so 𝟏{φ>ψ}MA(max{φ,ψ})=𝟏{φ>ψ}MA(φ)\one_{\{\varphi>\psi\}}\MA(\max\{\varphi,\psi\})=\one_{\{\varphi>\psi\}}\MA(\varphi), as was to be shown. ∎

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