4. Tchebychev constants
In this section we consider the case where is (smooth
and) represents the first Chern class of a holomorphic line bundle
on .
Recall that a holomorphic line bundle on
is a family of complex lines together
with a structure of complex manifold of dimension
such that the projection map taking
on is holomorphic. Moreover one can always
locally trivialize :
there exists an open covering
of and biholomorphisms
which take isomorphically onto .
The line bundle is then uniquely
(i.e. up to isomorphism) determined
by its transition functions
,
,
where
|
|
|
Note that the ’s satisfy the cocycle
condition ,
hence define a class .
The first Chern class of is the image
of under the mapping
induced
by the exponential short exact sequence
.
We let denote the set of holomorphic sections
of on : is a collection
of holomorphic functions on satisfying
the compatibility condition on
.
Similarly a (singular) metric of on
is a collection of functions
satisfying
in .
The metric is said to be smooth
if the are -smooth functions.
A smooth metric always exists.
The metric is said to be positive if the ’s
are psh functions. In particular if
is a holomorphic section of on , then
is a positive (singular) metric
of on . Note that we make here a slight abuse of terminology:
differential geometers usually call ”metric” the
non-negative (usually smooth and non vanishing) quantities
.
Given a (singular) metric of on , we consider
its curvature in .
This yields a globally well defined real closed current
on since in .
It is a standard consequence of de Rham’s isomorphism
that this current represents the image of the first Chern class
of under the mapping
(induced by the inclusion ).
The line bundle is said to be pseudoeffective
(resp. positive) if it admits a (singular) positive metric
(resp. a smooth metric whose curvature is a Kähler form).
Fix a smooth metric of on and set
. Then
is in -to- correspondence with the set of positive
singular metrics of on . Indeed if is such a metric
then is globally well defined on and such that
.
Conversely if then
defines a positive singular metric of on .
We can thus rephrase the pseudoeffectivity property as follows:
|
|
|
Given a pseudoeffective line bundle, it is interesting
to know whether admits a positive metric which is less singular
than any another. This notion has been
introduced in [16] and happens to be related to very special
extremal functions:
Proposition 4.1.
Let be a pseudoeffective line bundle on equipped with
a smooth metric . Set . Then
|
|
|
is a positive singular metric of on with ”minimal singularities”.
More precisely if is a positive singular metric of on ,
then there exists a constant such that
.
Proof.
Let be a positive singular metric of on . Then
is a globally well defined -psh function. It is
u.s.c. hence bounded from above on : we let denotes its
maximum. Then on , hence
, which yields .
∎
In the sequel we assume is positive and has been chosen
so that is a Kähler form.
For , we let denote the norm of
computed with respect to the metric : it is defined
in by
. The definition is independent
of thanks to the compatibility conditions.
For a given Borel subset of , we define its Tchebychev constants
|
|
|
Note that an obvious rescaling argument shows that
remains unchanged if we replace by
so that it really depends on rather than on .
Consider
|
|
|
Theorem 4.2.
Let be a compact subset of . Then
|
|
|
Proof.
The core of the proof consists in showing that
|
|
|
Note that for any of the sections involved in the supremum,
belongs to and satisfies
on .
Therefore .
Conversely fix and . Fix
such that and . Regularizing
(see Appendix) and translating, we can assume
, and
.
Fix . Let be a small ball on which .
We choose so small that the oscillation of is smaller
than on .
Let be a test function with compact support in
and such that in .
We can assume w.l.o.g. that
for some but
for all . This insures that is a smooth
section of for all .
Let be a smooth
positive metric of on (this is possible if
is chosen large enough since is positive).
Let be a positive metric of on which is smooth in
and with Lelong number
(this is again possible if is large
enough, since is ample). Observe that is a smooth
-closed -form with values in (for all ).
Alternatively it is a smooth -closed -form with values
in . Applying Hörmander’s -estimates
(see e.g. [15], chapter VIII)
with weight , we find a smooth section
of such that and
|
|
|
Note that has support in where
is smooth so that both integrals are finite.
Since , this forces . The second
integral is actually bounded from above by ,
where is independent of , since on
and the oscillation of is smaller than on .
Therefore satisfies
and
|
|
|
where is independent of . Now in a neighborhood of , so
the mean-value inequality applied to the subharmonic functions
yields for all in ,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
if is so small that is bigger
than the oscillation of on .
Therefore satisfies
and
.
Letting , and
completes the proof of the equality.
To conclude observe that by rescaling one gets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
∎
Projective capacity.
We assume here that is the complex projective space
and is the Fubini-Study Kähler form. We give in this
context a geometrical interpretation of the capacity
. This will shed some light on the notion of projective
capacity introduced by Alexander [1].
Let denote the canonical
projection map. We let denote the unit ball in .
Recall that the polynomially convex hull of a compact
set of is defined as
.
The following result gives an interesting interpretation of the
capacity .
Theorem 4.3.
Let be a compact subset of . Then
|
|
|
where .
Proof.
Let be as in the theorem. Observe that is a circled subset
of : if then ,
. For such compacts, the polynomial hull
coincides with the ”homogeneous polynomial hull”,
|
|
|
Indeed one inclusion is clear, so
assume . Let be a polynomial
of degree decomposed into its homogenous components. Observe that
.
Therefore since is circled.
Fix . Then
|
|
|
We infer . Letting and using that
is closed we get , whence .
Fix now such that . Let be
a homogeneous polynomial of degree . Then
| (2) |
|
|
|
Now set and .
Then with hence
. Therefore
|
|
|
Together with this yields
hence . Thus contains the ball
centered at the origin of radius .
Conversely since (theorem 4.1), one can find
homogenous polynomials of degree such that
Assume . Then
|
|
|
yields .
∎
Remark 4.4.
Sibony and Wong [34]
have been first in showing that if a compact subset of
is large enough then the polynomial hull of
contains a full neighborhood of the origin in .
They used the (complicated) notion of -capacity. Their
approach has been simplified by Alexander [1] who
introduced a projective capacity which is comparable
to (see theorem 4.4 in [1]). The proof given above
is essentially Alexander’s (see also theorem 4.3 in [36]).
This result has been used recently in complex
dynamics (see [17],[23]).
Further capacities.
In our definition of Chebyshev constants we have normalized
holomorphic sections by requiring
. Given a probability measure
such that and , we
could as well consider
|
|
|
This normalization has the following pleasant property: if
and are so
normalized then again
satisfies .
We infer
so that
|
|
|
This yields a whole family of capacities which are
all comparable to thanks to proposition 1.7: there
exists such that
|
|
|
The projective capacity of Alexander [1] is
precisely for , ,
and