ScalingStacks

Example 2.16 . [03NA]

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Example 2.16.

For given constants α>0\alpha>0 and a1,…,am−1>0,a_{1},\ldots,a_{m-1}>0, define

ψj​(y)=∫−∞yd​t(1aj+t2)​P⁡(t),where​P​(t)=1t2​(∏k=1m−1(1+ak​t2)​eα​t2−1),\psi_{j}(y)=\int_{-\infty}^{y}\frac{{\rm d}t}{(\frac{1}{a_{j}}+t^{2})\sqrt{P(t)}}\,,\;\>\text{where}\;\>P(t)=\frac{1}{t^{2}}\bigg(\prod_{k=1}^{m-1}(1+a_{k}t^{2})e^{\alpha t^{2}}-1\bigg),

for j=1,…,m−1j=1,\ldots,m-1 and y∈ℝy\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}. Then

L=\displaystyle L= {(x11a1+y2ei​ψ1​(y),…,xm−11am−1+y2ei​ψm−1​(y),12y2−12∑j=1m−1xj2\displaystyle\bigl\{\bigl(x_{1}\textstyle\sqrt{\frac{1}{a_{1}}\!+\!y^{2}}\,e^{i\psi_{1}(y)},\ldots,x_{m-1}\sqrt{\frac{1}{a_{m-1}}\!+\!y^{2}}\,e^{i\psi_{m-1}(y)},\textstyle{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}y^{2}\!-\!{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\sum_{j=1}^{m-1}x_{j}^{2}
−iα∑j=1m−1ψj(y)−iαarg(y+iP(y)−1/2)):x1,…,xm−1,y∈ℝ}\displaystyle-\textstyle\frac{i}{\alpha}\sum_{j=1}^{m-1}\psi_{j}(y)-\textstyle\frac{i}{\alpha}\arg(y+iP(y)^{-1/2})\bigr):x_{1},\ldots,x_{m-1},y\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\} (2.10)

is a closed, embedded Lagrangian in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m} diffeomorphic to ℝm,{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}^{m}, which is a Lagrangian MCF translator with translating vector (0,…,0,α)∈ℂm(0,\ldots,0,\alpha)\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m}.

Define ϕ1,…,ϕm−1∈ℝ\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m-1}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}} by

ϕj=∫−∞∞d​t(1aj+t2)​P⁡(t).\phi_{j}=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{{\rm d}t}{(\frac{1}{a_{j}}+t^{2})\sqrt{P(t)}}\,.

Then ϕ1,…,ϕm−1∈(0,π)\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m-1}\in(0,\pi) with ϕ1+⋯+ϕm−1<π\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m-1}<\pi, and ψj​(y)→ϕj\psi_{j}(y)\rightarrow\phi_{j} as y→∞y\rightarrow\infty, and ψj​(y)→0\psi_{j}(y)\rightarrow 0 as y→−∞y\rightarrow-\infty. For fixed α>0,\alpha>0, the map (a1,…,am−1)↦(ϕ1,…,ϕm−1)(a_{1},\ldots,a_{m-1})\mapsto(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m-1}) is a 1-1 correspondence from (0,∞)m−1(0,\infty)^{m-1} to {(ϕ1,…,ϕm−1)∈(0,π)m−1:ϕ1+⋯+ϕm−1<π}\bigl\{(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m-1})\in(0,\pi)^{m-1}:\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m-1}<\pi\bigr\}.

The phase function θL\theta_{L} of LL in (2.10) is a monotone decreasing function of yy only, with limits π\pi as y→−∞y\rightarrow-\infty and ∑j=1m−1ϕj\sum_{j=1}^{m-1}\phi_{j} as y→+∞y\rightarrow+\infty. Thus, by choosing ∑j=1m−1ϕj\sum_{j=1}^{m-1}\phi_{j} close to π,\pi, the phase variation of LL can be made arbitrarily small.

We can give the following heuristic description of LL in (2.10). If y≫0y\gg 0 then ψj​(y)≈ϕj\psi_{j}(y)\approx\phi_{j} and 1aj+y2≈y\sqrt{\frac{1}{a_{j}}+y^{2}}\approx y, and the terms −iα∑j=1nψj(y)−iαarg(y+iP(y)−1/2)-\frac{i}{\alpha}\sum_{j=1}^{n}\psi_{j}(y)-\frac{i}{\alpha}\arg(y+iP(y)^{-1/2}) are negligible compared to 12​y2{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}y^{2} in the last coordinate. Thus, the region of LL with y≫0y\!\gg\!0 is in a weak sense approximate to

{(x1yei​ϕ1,…,xm−1yei​ϕm−1,12y2−12∑j=1m−1xj2):x1,…,xm−1∈ℝ,y>0}.\bigl\{\bigl(x_{1}ye^{i\phi_{1}},\ldots,x_{m-1}ye^{i\phi_{m-1}},\textstyle{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}y^{2}-{\textstyle\frac{1}{2}}\sum_{j=1}^{m-1}x_{j}^{2}\bigr):x_{1},\ldots,x_{m-1}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}},\;y>0\bigr\}.

But this is just an unusual way of parametrizing

Πϕ={(y1ei​ϕ1,…,ym−1ei​ϕm−1,ym):yj∈ℝ}∖{(0,…,0,ym):ym⩽0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}=\bigl\{\bigl(y_{1}e^{i\phi_{1}},\ldots,y_{m-1}e^{i\phi_{m-1}},y_{m}\bigr):y_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}\setminus\bigl\{(0,\ldots,0,y_{m}):y_{m}\leqslant\penalty 0\bigr\},

the complement of a ray in a Lagrangian plane. Similarly, the region of LL with y≪0y\ll 0 is in a weak sense approximate to

Π0={(y1,…,ym−1,ym):yj∈ℝ}∖{(0,…,0,ym):ym⩽0}.\Pi_{0}=\bigl\{(y_{1},\ldots,y_{m-1},y_{m}):y_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}\setminus\bigl\{(0,\ldots,0,y_{m}):y_{m}\leqslant\penalty 0\bigr\}.

So, LL can be roughly described as asymptotic to the union of two Lagrangian planes Π0,Πϕ≅ℝm\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\cong{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}^{m} which intersect in an ℝ{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}} in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m}, the ymy_{m}-axis {(0,…,0,ym):ym∈ℝ}\bigl\{(0,\ldots,0,y_{m}):y_{m}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}. To make LL, we glue these Lagrangian planes by a kind of ‘connect sum’ along the negative ymy_{m}-axis {(0,…,0,ym):ym⩽0}\bigl\{(0,\ldots,0,y_{m}):y_{m}\leqslant\penalty 0\bigr\}. Under Lagrangian mean curvature flow, Π0,Πϕ\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} remain fixed, but the gluing region translates in the positive ymy_{m} direction, as though Π0,Πϕ\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} are being ‘zipped together’.

A slightly more accurate description of the ends of LL for large yy is that LL approximates Π~ϕ\tilde{\Pi}_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} when y≫0y\gg 0 and Π~0\tilde{\Pi}_{0} when y≪0y\ll 0, where Π~ϕ\tilde{\Pi}_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} and Π~0\tilde{\Pi}_{0} are the non-intersecting affine Lagrangian planes in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m}

Π~ϕ={(y1ei​ϕ1,…,ym−1ei​ϕm−1,ym−iα(ϕ1+⋯+ϕm−1)):yj∈ℝ},Π~0={(y1,…,ym−1,ym−i​πα):yj∈ℝ}.\begin{split}\tilde{\Pi}_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}&=\bigl\{\bigl(y_{1}e^{i\phi_{1}},\ldots,y_{m-1}e^{i\phi_{m-1}},y_{m}\!-\!\textstyle\frac{i}{\alpha}(\phi_{1}\!+\!\cdots\!+\!\phi_{m-1})\bigr):y_{j}\!\in\!{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\},\\ \tilde{\Pi}_{0}&=\bigl\{\bigl(y_{1},\ldots,y_{m-1},y_{m}-\textstyle\frac{i\pi}{\alpha}\bigr):y_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}.\end{split} (2.11)

We will discuss these Lagrangian MCF translators further in Example 3.32.

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