ScalingStacks

Example 2.13 . [03N7]

Original official author HTML, exact retained edition. Historical TeX conversion verdicts remain unchanged. Cited-edition alignment and mathematical self-containment are not assessed.

Complete original source context · Original author HTML

Example 2.13.

Let m>2m>2, α⩾0\alpha\geqslant 0 and a1,…,am>0a_{1},\ldots,a_{m}>0, and define a smooth function P:ℝ→ℝP:{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\rightarrow{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}} by P⁡(0)=α+a1+⋯+amP(0)=\alpha+a_{1}+\cdots+a_{m} and

P(x)=1x2(eα​x2∏k=1m(1+akx2)−1),x≠0.P(x)=\textstyle\frac{1}{x^{2}}\bigl(e^{\alpha x^{2}}\prod_{k=1}^{m}(1+a_{k}x^{2})-1\bigl),\quad x\neq 0. (2.9)

Define real numbers ϕ1,…,ϕm\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m} by

ϕk=ak​∫−∞∞d​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x),\phi_{k}=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{{\rm d}x}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}}\,,

For k=1,…,mk=1,\ldots,m define a function zk:ℝ→ℂz_{k}:{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\rightarrow{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}} by

zk​(y)=ei​ψk​(y)​ak−1+y2,where​ψk​(y)=ak​∫−∞yd​x(1+ak​x2)​P⁡(x).z_{k}(y)={\rm e}^{i\psi_{k}(y)}\sqrt{a_{k}^{-1}+y^{2}},\;\>\text{where}\;\>\psi_{k}(y)=a_{k}\int_{-\infty}^{y}\frac{{\rm d}x}{(1+a_{k}x^{2})\sqrt{P(x)}}\,.

Now write ϕ=(ϕ1,…,ϕm){\boldsymbol{\phi}}=(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m}), and define a submanifold LϕαL_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha} in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m} by

Lϕα={(z1(y)x1,…,zm(y)xm):y∈ℝ,xk∈ℝ,x12+⋯+xm2=1}.L_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha}=\bigl\{(z_{1}(y)x_{1},\ldots,z_{m}(y)x_{m}):y\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}},\;x_{k}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}},\;x_{1}^{2}+\cdots+x_{m}^{2}=1\bigr\}.

Then LϕαL_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha} is a closed, embedded Lagrangian diffeomorphic to 𝒮m−1×ℝ{\mathbin{\cal S}}^{m-1}\times{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}} and satisfying H=α​F⟂H=\alpha F^{\perp}. If α>0\alpha>0 it is an LMCF expander, and if α=0\alpha=0 it is one of the Lawlor necks Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} from Example 2.5. It is graded, with Lagrangian angle

θLϕα((z1(y)x1,…,zm(y)xm))=∑k=1mψk(y)+arg(−y−iP(y)−1/2).\theta_{L_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha}}\bigl((z_{1}(y)x_{1},\ldots,z_{m}(y)x_{m})\bigr)=\textstyle\sum_{k=1}^{m}\psi_{k}(y)+\arg\bigl(-y-iP(y)^{-1/2}\bigr).

Note that the only difference between the constructions of Lϕ,AL_{{\boldsymbol{\phi}},A} in Example 2.5 and LϕαL_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha} above is the term eα​x2e^{\alpha x^{2}} in (2.9), which does not appear in (2.3). If α=0\alpha=0 then eα​x2=1e^{\alpha x^{2}}=1, and the two constructions agree.

As in [43, Th. D], LϕαL_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha} is asymptotically conical, with cone CC the union Π0∪Πϕ\Pi_{0}\cup\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} of two Lagrangian mm-planes Π0,Πϕ\Pi_{0},\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} in ℂm{\mathbin{\mathbb{C}}}^{m} given by

Π0={(x1,…,xm):xj∈ℝ},Πϕ={(ei​ϕ1x1,…,ei​ϕmxm):xj∈ℝ}.\Pi_{0}=\bigl\{(x_{1},\ldots,x_{m}):x_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\},\;\>\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}=\bigl\{({\rm e}^{i\phi_{1}}x_{1},\ldots,{\rm e}^{i\phi_{m}}x_{m}):x_{j}\in{\mathbin{\mathbb{R}}}\bigr\}.

But in contrast to Example 2.5, for α>0\alpha>0 we do not have ϕ1+⋯+ϕm=π\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}=\pi, so Πϕ\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}} and CC are not special Lagrangian.

In [43, Th. D] we prove that for fixed α>0\alpha>0, the map Φα:(a1,…,am)↦(ϕ1,…,ϕm)\Phi^{\alpha}:(a_{1},\ldots,a_{m})\mapsto(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m}) gives a diffeomorphism

Φα:(0,∞)m⟶{(ϕ1,…,ϕm)∈(0,π)m:0<ϕ1+⋯+ϕm<π}.\Phi^{\alpha}:(0,\infty)^{m}\longrightarrow\bigl\{(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m})\in(0,\pi)^{m}:0<\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}<\pi\bigr\}.

That is, for all α>0\alpha>0 and ϕ=(ϕ1,…,ϕm){\boldsymbol{\phi}}=(\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m}) with 0<ϕ1,…,ϕm<π0<\phi_{1},\ldots,\phi_{m}<\pi and 0<ϕ1+⋯+ϕm<π0<\phi_{1}+\cdots+\phi_{m}<\pi, the above construction gives a unique LMCF expander LϕαL_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}^{\alpha} asymptotic to Π0∪Πϕ\Pi_{0}\cup\Pi_{\boldsymbol{\phi}}.

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.