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6. Some local estimates [021M]

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6. Some local estimates

In this section, we show some localized version of our previous estimates. Suppose we have a solution φ\varphi to (1.1), (1.2) in the unit ball B1​(0)⊂ℂnB_{1}(0)\subset\mathbb{C}^{n}. First we can find a potential ρ\rho to the background metric gg, namely

ω0=−1​∂∂¯​ρ, in B1​(0).\omega_{0}=\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}\rho,\textrm{ in $B_{1}(0)$.}

Denote ϕ=φ+ρ\phi=\varphi+\rho, G=F+logdetgi​j¯G=F+\log\det g_{i\bar{j}}, then the equation (1.1), (1.2) can be rewritten as:

(6.1) detϕi​j¯=eG,\displaystyle\det\phi_{i\bar{j}}=e^{G},
(6.2) Δϕ​G=−R¯.\displaystyle\Delta_{\phi}G=-\underline{R}.

In the above, Δϕ=ϕi​j¯∂i​j¯\Delta_{\phi}=\phi^{i\bar{j}}\partial_{i\bar{j}}. In the following, we show that if Δ​ϕ∈Lp​(B1​(0))\Delta\phi\in L^{p}(B_{1}(0)), and ∑i1ϕi​i¯∈Lp​(B1​(0))\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}\in L^{p}(B_{1}(0)) for pp sufficiently large depending only on dimension nn, then we have 1C≤ϕi​j¯≤C\frac{1}{C}\leq\phi_{i\bar{j}}\leq C, for some constant CC. More precisely,

Proposition 6.1.

Let ϕ\phi be a smooth pluri-subharmonic solution to (6.1), (6.2) in B1​(0)⊂ℂnB_{1}(0)\subset\mathbb{C}^{n}, such that Δ​ϕ∈Lp​(B1​(0))\Delta\phi\in L^{p}(B_{1}(0)) and ∑i1ϕi​i¯∈Lp​(B1​(0))\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}\in L^{p}(B_{1}(0)) for some p>3​n​(n−1)p>3n(n-1). Then there exists a constant C6C_{6}, depending only on pp, ‖Δ​ϕ‖Lp​(B1​(0))||\Delta\phi||_{L^{p}(B_{1}(0))}, ‖∑i1ϕi​i¯‖Lp​(B1​(0))||\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}||_{L^{p}(B_{1}(0))}, such that 1C6≤ϕi​j¯≤C6\frac{1}{C_{6}}\leq\phi_{i\bar{j}}\leq C_{6}, |∇G|≤C6|\nabla G|\leq C_{6} in B12​(0)B_{\frac{1}{2}}(0).

By the same argument in (1.2), we have the following corollary:

Corollary 6.2.

Under the assumption of Proposition 6.1, for any 0<θ<10<\theta<1, we have ‖Dk​ϕ‖0,Bθ≤C⁡(k)||D^{k}\phi||_{0,B_{\theta}}\leq C(k), for any k≥2k\geq 2. Here C⁡(k)C(k) has the same dependence as described in Proposition 6.1 besides dependence on θ\theta and on ‖ϕ‖0,B1||\phi||_{0,B_{1}}.

Now we prove Proposition 6.1, using Lemma 6.3 stated and proved later.

Proof.

(of Proposition 6.1)First we want to get boundedness of GG, using the second equation. We can write the second equation as

(6.3) det(ϕα​β¯)​ϕi​j¯​∂i​j¯G=eG​G.\det(\phi_{\alpha\bar{\beta}})\phi^{i\bar{j}}\partial_{i\bar{j}}G=e^{G}G.

which is equivalent to:

(6.4) R​e​(∂i(det(ϕα​β¯)​ϕi​j¯​∂j¯G))=eG​G.Re\big(\partial_{i}(\det(\phi_{\alpha\bar{\beta}})\phi^{i\bar{j}}\partial_{\bar{j}}G)\big)=e^{G}G.

Denote ai​j¯=det(ϕα​β¯)​ϕi​j¯a_{i\bar{j}}=\det(\phi_{\alpha\bar{\beta}})\phi^{i\bar{j}}, which is a hermitian matrix, then for some constant cn>0c_{n}>0, we have

(6.5) 1cn​(∑i1ϕi​i¯)n−1​I≤ai​j¯≤cn​(Δ​ϕ)n−1​I.\frac{1}{c_{n}\big(\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}\big)^{n-1}}I\leq a_{i\bar{j}}\leq c_{n}(\Delta\phi)^{n-1}I.

The left hand side of (6.4) is a real elliptic operator in divergence form, which satisfies an ellipticity condition same as (6.5). We wish to apply Lemma 6.3 to the equation (6.4). Using (6.5), we can take λ=(Δ​ϕ+∑i1ϕi​i¯)n−1\lambda=\big(\Delta\phi+\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}\big)^{n-1}, and f=eG​Gf=e^{G}G. In order to apply Lemma 6.3, we need to show (Δ​ϕ)n−1,(∑i1ϕi​i¯)n−1∈Lp​(B1)(\Delta\phi)^{n-1},\,(\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}})^{n-1}\in L^{p}(B_{1}), and eG​G∈Lp/2​(B1)e^{G}G\in L^{p/2}(B_{1}) for some p>3​np>3n. The desired integrability for Δ​ϕ\Delta\phi and ∑i1ϕi​i¯\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}} is clear from assumption, while for eG​Ge^{G}G, since eG≤(Δ​ϕ)ne^{G}\leq(\Delta\phi)^{n}, we just need to make sure (Δ​ϕ)n∈Lp′(\Delta\phi)^{n}\in L^{p^{\prime}} for some p′>3​n2p^{\prime}>\frac{3n}{2}. This is again clear from our assumption on Δ​ϕ\Delta\phi. So we can apply Lemma 6.3 to conclude GG is bounded(with the said dependence) on any interior ball of B1B_{1}. In the following we assume GG is bounded on B1B_{1} without loss of generality.

The estimate for Δ​ϕ\Delta\phi is really similar to our calculation in section 4, so we will be suitably brief here.

Choose any point pp and we can do a unitary coordinate transform so that ϕi​j¯​(p)=ϕi​i¯​(p)​δi​j\phi_{i\bar{j}}(p)=\phi_{i\bar{i}}(p)\delta_{ij}. We can compute

(6.6) Δϕ​(|∇ϕG|2)=1ϕi​i¯​ϕα​α¯​|ϕi​α−∑pϕi​α​p¯​Gpϕp​p¯|2+|Gp​i¯|2ϕi​i¯​ϕp​p¯−Gq​p¯​Gp​Gq¯ϕp​p¯​ϕq​q¯.\Delta_{\phi}(|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})=\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{\alpha\bar{\alpha}}}|\phi_{i\alpha}-\sum_{p}\frac{\phi_{i\alpha\bar{p}}G_{p}}{\phi_{p\bar{p}}}|^{2}+\frac{|G_{p\bar{i}}|^{2}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{p\bar{p}}}-\frac{G_{q\bar{p}}G_{p}G_{\bar{q}}}{\phi_{p\bar{p}}\phi_{q\bar{q}}}.

Here |∇ϕG|2=ϕp​q¯​Gp​Gq¯|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}=\phi^{p\bar{q}}G_{p}G_{\bar{q}}.

(6.7) Δϕ​(e12​G​|∇ϕG|2)=Δϕ​(e12​G)​|∇ϕG|2+e12​G​Δϕ​(|∇ϕG|2)+12​e12​G​Gi​(|∇ϕG|2)i¯+Gi¯​(|∇ϕG|2)iϕi​i¯.\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})=\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\frac{1}{2}G})|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+e^{\frac{1}{2}G}\Delta_{\phi}(|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})+\frac{1}{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}\frac{G_{i}(|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})_{\bar{i}}+G_{\bar{i}}(|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})_{i}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}.

One can also compute

(6.8) Gi​(|∇ϕG|2)i¯ϕi​i¯=Gi​Gpϕi​i¯​ϕp​p¯​(Gp¯​i¯−∑tϕt​q¯​i¯​Gt¯ϕt​t¯)+Gp​i¯​Gp¯​Giϕp​p¯​ϕi​i¯.\frac{G_{i}(|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})_{\bar{i}}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}=\frac{G_{i}G_{p}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{p\bar{p}}}(G_{\bar{p}\bar{i}}-\sum_{t}\frac{\phi_{t\bar{q}\bar{i}}G_{\bar{t}}}{\phi_{t\bar{t}}})+\frac{G_{p\bar{i}}G_{\bar{p}}G_{i}}{\phi_{p\bar{p}}\phi_{i\bar{i}}}.

Combining (6.6), (6.7), (6.8), we obtain

(6.9) Δϕ​(e12​G​|∇ϕG|2)​e−12​G=−12​R¯​|∇ϕG|2+1ϕi​i¯​ϕα​α¯​|Gi​α−∑pϕi​α​p¯​Gpϕp​p¯−12​ϕi​ϕα|2+|Gp​i¯|2ϕi​i¯​ϕp​p¯.\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2})e^{-\frac{1}{2}G}=-\frac{1}{2}\underline{R}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{\alpha\bar{\alpha}}}|G_{i\alpha}-\sum_{p}\frac{\phi_{i\alpha\bar{p}}G_{p}}{\phi_{p\bar{p}}}-\frac{1}{2}\phi_{i}\phi_{\alpha}|^{2}+\frac{|G_{p\bar{i}}|^{2}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{p\bar{p}}}.

Also we can compute

(6.10) Δϕ​(Δ​ϕ)=|ϕi​j¯​p|2ϕi​i¯​ϕj​j¯+Δ​G.\Delta_{\phi}(\Delta\phi)=\frac{|\phi_{i\bar{j}p}|^{2}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{j\bar{j}}}+\Delta G.

Hence

(6.11) Δϕ(e12​G​|∇ϕG|2+Δ​ϕ)≥−12​R¯​e12​G​|∇ϕG|2+|Gp​i¯|2​e12​Gϕi​i¯​ϕp​p¯+Δ​G≥−12​R¯​e12​G​|∇ϕG|2+e12​G​Gi​i¯2ϕi​i¯2−12​Gi​i¯2​e12​Gϕi​i¯2−12​(Δ​ϕ)2​e−12​G.\begin{split}\Delta_{\phi}&(e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+\Delta\phi)\geq-\frac{1}{2}\underline{R}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+\frac{|G_{p\bar{i}}|^{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{p\bar{p}}}+\Delta G\\ &\geq-\frac{1}{2}\underline{R}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+\frac{e^{\frac{1}{2}G}G_{i\bar{i}}^{2}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}^{2}}-\frac{1}{2}\frac{G_{i\bar{i}}^{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}^{2}}-\frac{1}{2}(\Delta\phi)^{2}e^{-\frac{1}{2}G}.\end{split}

In the last inequality above, we noticed

Δ​G=∑iGi​i¯≤12​Gi​i¯2​e12​Gϕi​i¯2+12​∑iϕi​i¯2​e−12​G≤12​Gi​i¯2​e12​Gϕi​i¯2+12​(Δ​ϕ)2​e−12​G.\Delta G=\sum_{i}G_{i\bar{i}}\leq\frac{1}{2}\frac{G_{i\bar{i}}^{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}^{2}}+\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i}\phi_{i\bar{i}}^{2}e^{-\frac{1}{2}G}\leq\frac{1}{2}\frac{G_{i\bar{i}}^{2}e^{\frac{1}{2}G}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}^{2}}+\frac{1}{2}(\Delta\phi)^{2}e^{-\frac{1}{2}G}.

Denote u=e12​G​|∇ϕG|2+Δ​ϕu=e^{\frac{1}{2}G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+\Delta\phi, then we know

(6.12) Δϕ​(u)≥−(12​R¯+12​Δ​ϕ​e−12​G)​u.\Delta_{\phi}(u)\geq-(\frac{1}{2}\underline{R}+\frac{1}{2}\Delta\phi e^{-\frac{1}{2}G})u.

Denote f=12​R¯+12​Δ​ϕ​e−12​Gf=\frac{1}{2}\underline{R}+\frac{1}{2}\Delta\phi e^{-\frac{1}{2}G}. Recall that we now already know GG is bounded. Our assumption implies f∈Lpf\in L^{p} for some p>3​np>3n. Hence we may invoke Lemma 6.3 to get the desired result. ∎

As a direct consequence of above argument, we can now prove Corollary 1.5.

Proof.

(of Corollary 1.5) Define F=logdetuα​β¯F=\log\det u_{\alpha\bar{\beta}}, first we show that FF is a constant. By the assumption, we can take a sequence of rs→∞r_{s}\rightarrow\infty, and a constant MM, such that

(6.13) sups≥11rs2​n​∫Brs​(0)(Δ​u)p+(∑k1uk​k¯)p≤M.\sup_{s\geq 1}\frac{1}{r_{s}^{2n}}\int_{B_{r_{s}}(0)}(\Delta u)^{p}+\big(\sum_{k}\frac{1}{u_{k\bar{k}}}\big)^{p}\leq M.

Define us​(z)=1rs2​u​(rs​z)u_{s}(z)=\frac{1}{r_{s}^{2}}u(r_{s}z). Let Δs:=usi​j¯∂i​j¯\Delta_{s}:=u_{s}^{i\bar{j}}\partial_{i\bar{j}}, the Laplace operator in ℂn\mathbb{C}^{n} defined by the metric −1​∂∂¯​us\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}u_{s}. Also we denote Fs:=logdet∂α​β¯usF_{s}:=\log\det\partial_{\alpha\bar{\beta}}u_{s}, then Fs​(z)=F⁡(rs​z)F_{s}(z)=F(r_{s}z). Hence Δs​Fs=0\Delta_{s}F_{s}=0 in B1​(0)B_{1}(0), and (6.13) implies

(6.14) sups≥1∫B1(Δ​us)p+(∑k1(us)k​k¯)p≤M.\sup_{s\geq 1}\int_{B_{1}}(\Delta u_{s})^{p}+\big(\sum_{k}\frac{1}{(u_{s})_{k\bar{k}}}\big)^{p}\leq M.

Proposition 6.1 shows that there exists a positive constant C7C_{7}, independent of ss, such that 1C7≤(us)i​j¯≤C7\frac{1}{C_{7}}\leq(u_{s})_{i\bar{j}}\leq C_{7} and |∇Fs|≤C7|\nabla F_{s}|\leq C_{7} in B12​(0)B_{\frac{1}{2}}(0). Rescaling back, we find that |∇F|≤C7rs|\nabla F|\leq\frac{C_{7}}{r_{s}} in B12​rs​(0)B_{\frac{1}{2}r_{s}}(0). Sending s→∞s\rightarrow\infty, we get ∇F≡0\nabla F\equiv 0 on ℂn\mathbb{C}^{n}. Namely we have det∂α​β¯us=c\det\partial_{\alpha\bar{\beta}}u_{s}=c for some c>0c>0 on B1B_{1}. Then we may use Evans-Krylov theorem to conclude for some α>0\alpha>0

supk[−1​∂∂¯​us]α,B14≤M1.\sup_{k}[\sqrt{-1}\partial\bar{\partial}u_{s}]_{\alpha,B_{\frac{1}{4}}}\leq M_{1}.

In terms of uu, this implies

rsα​|ui​j¯​(z1)−ui​j¯​(z2)||z1−z2|α≤M, for any z1,z2∈Brs4​(0).r_{s}^{\alpha}\frac{|u_{i\bar{j}}(z_{1})-u_{i\bar{j}}(z_{2})|}{|z_{1}-z_{2}|^{\alpha}}\leq M,\textrm{ for any $z_{1},\,z_{2}\in B_{\frac{r_{s}}{4}}(0)$.}

Letting s→∞s\rightarrow\infty, we obtain ui​j¯​(z1)=ui​j¯​(z2)u_{i\bar{j}}(z_{1})=u_{i\bar{j}}(z_{2}), for any z1,z2∈ℂnz_{1},\,z_{2}\in\mathbb{C}^{n}. This implies the Levi Hessian of uu is constant. ∎

The following is a technical lemma which we used in the proof of Proposition 6.1. The way to prove it is the standard Moser’s iteration and may have existed in literature but we were not able to find the exactly reference, so we include a proof here.

Lemma 6.3.

Suppose u≥0u\geq 0 satisfies in B1⊂ℝdB_{1}\subset\mathbb{R}^{d}:

∂i(ai​j​∂ju)≥f​u+g.\partial_{i}\big(a^{ij}\partial_{j}u\big)\geq fu+g.

Here 1λ⁡(x)≤ai​j​(x)≤λ⁡(x)\frac{1}{\lambda(x)}\leq a^{ij}(x)\leq\lambda(x), with λ⁡(x)∈Lp​(B1)\lambda(x)\in L^{p}(B_{1}), f,g∈Lp/2​(B1)f,\,g\in L^{p/2}(B_{1}) for some p>3​d2p>\frac{3d}{2}, then there exists a constant CC, depending on pp, ‖λ‖Lp​(B1)||\lambda||_{L^{p}(B_{1})}, ‖f‖Lp/2​(B1)||f||_{L^{p/2}(B_{1})}, ‖g‖Lp/2​(B1)||g||_{L^{p/2}(B_{1})}, such that

supB12u≤C⁡(‖u‖L1​(B1)+1).\sup_{B_{\frac{1}{2}}}u\leq C(||u||_{L^{1}(B_{1})}+1).
Proof.

The proof follows the same argument as the uniformly elliptic case. From the inequality we know that for any ζ∈Cc∞​(B1)\zeta\in C_{c}^{\infty}(B_{1}), with ζ≥0\zeta\geq 0, the following holds:

(6.15) ∫B1ai​j​∂ju​∂iζ​𝑑x≤∫B1f​u​ζ+g​ζ​𝑑x.\int_{B_{1}}a^{ij}\partial_{j}u\partial_{i}\zeta dx\leq\int_{B_{1}}fu\zeta+g\zeta dx.

Now let η∈Cc∞​(B1)\eta\in C^{\infty}_{c}(B_{1}), define u¯=u+1\bar{u}=u+1. Take ζ=η2​u¯β\zeta=\eta^{2}\bar{u}^{\beta}, for some β>0\beta>0. We plug in this ζ\zeta and obtain

(6.16) ∫B1βai​j∂iu¯∂ju¯u¯β−1η2≤∫−ai​j∂ju∂iηu¯β2η+|f|u¯β+1η2+|g|u¯βη2≤∫B1β2​ai​j​∂iu¯​∂ju¯​u¯β−1​η2+4β​ai​j​∂iη​∂jη​u¯β+1+(|f|+|g|)​u¯β+1​η2.\begin{split}\int_{B_{1}}&\beta a_{ij}\partial_{i}\bar{u}\partial_{j}\bar{u}\bar{u}^{\beta-1}\eta^{2}\leq\int-a_{ij}\partial_{j}u\partial_{i}\eta\bar{u}^{\beta}2\eta+|f|\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}+|g|\bar{u}^{\beta}\eta^{2}\\ &\leq\int_{B_{1}}\frac{\beta}{2}a_{ij}\partial_{i}\bar{u}\partial_{j}\bar{u}\bar{u}^{\beta-1}\eta^{2}+\frac{4}{\beta}a_{ij}\partial_{i}\eta\partial_{j}\eta\bar{u}^{\beta+1}+(|f|+|g|)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}.\end{split}

Use the ellipticity condition to get:

(6.17) ∫B1βλ​|∇u¯|2​u¯β−1​η2≤∫B1(4​λβ​|∇η|2+|f|​η2+|g|​η2)​u¯β+1.\int_{B_{1}}\frac{\beta}{\lambda}|\nabla\bar{u}|^{2}\bar{u}^{\beta-1}\eta^{2}\leq\int_{B_{1}}\big(\frac{4\lambda}{\beta}|\nabla\eta|^{2}+|f|\eta^{2}+|g|\eta^{2}\big)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}.

This is equivalent to:

(6.18) ∫B1|∇(u¯β+12)|2​η2​1λ≤(β+1)2β2​∫B1λ​|∇η|2​u¯β+1+(β+1)24​β​∫B1(|f|+|g|)​u¯β+1​η2.\int_{B_{1}}|\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}})|^{2}\eta^{2}\frac{1}{\lambda}\leq\frac{(\beta+1)^{2}}{\beta^{2}}\int_{B_{1}}\lambda|\nabla\eta|^{2}\bar{u}^{\beta+1}+\frac{(\beta+1)^{2}}{4\beta}\int_{B_{1}}(|f|+|g|)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}.

Next observe

|∇(u¯β+12​η)|2≤2​|∇(u¯β+12)|2​η2+2​u¯β+1​|∇η|2.|\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)|^{2}\leq 2|\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}})|^{2}\eta^{2}+2\bar{u}^{\beta+1}|\nabla\eta|^{2}.

Hence it follows from (6.18) that if β≥1\beta\geq 1,

(6.19) ∫B1|∇(u¯β+12​η)|2​1λ≤∫B1(2​λ​(β+1)2β2+2λ)​u¯β+1​|∇η|2+(β+1)22​β​∫B1(|f|+|g|)​u¯β+1​η2≤∫B110​λ​u¯β+1​|∇η|2+2​β​∫B1(|f|+|g|)​u¯β+1​η2.\begin{split}\int_{B_{1}}|\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)|^{2}\frac{1}{\lambda}&\leq\int_{B_{1}}\big(\frac{2\lambda(\beta+1)^{2}}{\beta^{2}}+\frac{2}{\lambda}\big)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}|\nabla\eta|^{2}+\frac{(\beta+1)^{2}}{2\beta}\int_{B_{1}}(|f|+|g|)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}\\ &\leq\int_{B_{1}}10\lambda\bar{u}^{\beta+1}|\nabla\eta|^{2}+2\beta\int_{B_{1}}(|f|+|g|)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}.\end{split}

We would like to get rid of the λ\lambda in the above estimate. Let ε>0\varepsilon>0 to be determined, then we have

(6.20) ‖∇(u¯β+12​η)‖L2−ε2≤‖λ‖L2ε−12−ε2​∫B11λ​|∇(u¯β+12​η)|2.||\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)||_{L^{2-\varepsilon}}^{2}\leq||\lambda||_{L^{\frac{2}{\varepsilon}-1}}^{\frac{2-\varepsilon}{2}}\int_{B_{1}}\frac{1}{\lambda}|\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)|^{2}.

On the other hand, we estimate the right hand side by Hölder’s inequality:

(6.21) ∫B1λ​u¯β+1​|∇η|2≤‖λ‖L2ε−1​‖u¯β+12​|∇η|‖L2−ε1−ε2,\displaystyle\int_{B_{1}}\lambda\bar{u}^{\beta+1}|\nabla\eta|^{2}\leq||\lambda||_{L^{\frac{2}{\varepsilon}-1}}||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}|\nabla\eta|||_{L^{\frac{2-\varepsilon}{1-\varepsilon}}}^{2},
(6.22) ∫B1(|f|+|g|)​u¯β+1​η2≤(‖f‖Lp/2+||g||Lp/2)||u¯β+12​η||L2​pp−22.\displaystyle\int_{B_{1}}(|f|+|g|)\bar{u}^{\beta+1}\eta^{2}\leq\big(||f||_{L^{p/2}}+||g||_{L^{p/2}}\big)||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}}^{2}.

Therefore,

(6.23) ‖∇(u¯β+12​η)‖L2−ε2≤||λ||L2ε−12−ε2​(10​||λ||L2ε−1​‖u¯β+12​|∇η|‖L2−ε1−ε2+2​β​(‖f‖Lp/2+||g||Lp/2)|​|u¯β+12​η||L2​pp−22).||\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)||_{L^{2-\varepsilon}}^{2}\leq||\lambda||_{L^{\frac{2}{\varepsilon}-1}}^{\frac{2-\varepsilon}{2}}\big(10||\lambda||_{L^{\frac{2}{\varepsilon}-1}}||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}|\nabla\eta|||^{2}_{L^{\frac{2-\varepsilon}{1-\varepsilon}}}+2\beta(||f||_{L^{p/2}}+||g||_{L^{p/2}})||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}}^{2}\big).

Now we choose ε=2p+1\varepsilon=\frac{2}{p+1}, then 2ε−1=p\frac{2}{\varepsilon}-1=p. With this choice, we have 2−ε1−ε<2​pp−2\frac{2-\varepsilon}{1-\varepsilon}<\frac{2p}{p-2} in the above, then we find for some constant C6.1C_{6.1}, depending on ‖λ‖Lp||\lambda||_{L^{p}}, ‖f‖Lp/2||f||_{L^{p/2}}, ‖g‖Lp/2||g||_{L^{p/2}}, such that

(6.24) ‖∇(u¯β+12​η)‖L2​pp+12≤C6.1​(‖u¯β+12​|∇η|‖L2​pp−22+β​‖u¯β+12​η‖L2​pp−22).||\nabla(\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta)||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p+1}}}^{2}\leq C_{6.1}\big(||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}|\nabla\eta|||^{2}_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}}+\beta||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}\eta||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}}^{2}\big).

Fix 12≤r<R≤1\frac{1}{2}\leq r<R\leq 1, Denote ri=r+2−i​(R−r)r_{i}=r+2^{-i}(R-r), for i≥0i\geq 0. Note that r0=Rr_{0}=R, and ri→rr_{i}\rightarrow r as i→∞i\rightarrow\infty. We choose the cut-off function η\eta so that 0≤η≤10\leq\eta\leq 1, η≡1\eta\equiv 1 on Bri+1B_{r_{i+1}}, s​u​p​p​η⊂Brisupp\,\eta\subset B_{r_{i}}, and |∇η|≤2ri−ri+1=2i+2R−r|\nabla\eta|\leq\frac{2}{r_{i}-r_{i+1}}=\frac{2^{i+2}}{R-r}. Denote θ\theta to be such that 1θ=p+12​p−1d\frac{1}{\theta}=\frac{p+1}{2p}-\frac{1}{d}. Since p>3​d2p>\frac{3d}{2}, it follows that θ>2​pp−2\theta>\frac{2p}{p-2}. Then apply the Sobolev inequality to get

(6.25) ‖u¯β+12‖Lθ​(Bri+1)≤C6.2​β​2i+2R−r​‖u¯β+12‖L2​pp−2​(Bri).||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}||_{L^{\theta}(B_{r_{i+1}})}\leq\frac{C_{6.2}\sqrt{\beta}2^{i+2}}{R-r}||\bar{u}^{\frac{\beta+1}{2}}||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}(B_{r_{i}})}.

This is equivalent to:

(6.26) ‖u¯‖Lθ⁡(β+1)2​(Bri+1)≤C6.22β+1​β1β+1​22​(i+2)β+1(R−r)2β+1​‖u¯‖L2​pp−2⋅β+12​(Bri).||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{\theta(\beta+1)}{2}}(B_{r_{i+1}})}\leq\frac{C_{6.2}^{\frac{2}{\beta+1}}\beta^{\frac{1}{\beta+1}}2^{\frac{2(i+2)}{\beta+1}}}{(R-r)^{\frac{2}{\beta+1}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}\cdot\frac{\beta+1}{2}}(B_{r_{i}})}.

Now denote θ=χ⋅2​pp−2\theta=\chi\cdot\frac{2p}{p-2} for some χ>1\chi>1, and choose β\beta to be β+12=χi\frac{\beta+1}{2}=\chi^{i}, then we obtain from (6.26):

(6.27) ‖u¯‖L2​p​χi+1p−2​(Bri+1)≤(2​C6.2R−r)1χi​χiχi​2i+2χi​‖u¯‖L2​p​χip−2​(Bri), for i≥0.||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{2p\chi^{i+1}}{p-2}}(B_{r_{i+1}})}\leq\big(\frac{2C_{6.2}}{R-r}\big)^{\frac{1}{\chi^{i}}}\chi^{\frac{i}{\chi^{i}}}2^{\frac{i+2}{\chi^{i}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{2p\chi^{i}}{p-2}}(B_{r_{i}})},\textrm{ for $i\geq 0$.}

Iterating this inequality we obtain for any 12≤r<R≤1\frac{1}{2}\leq r<R\leq 1, and for some constant C6.3C_{6.3} independent of rr, RR,

(6.28) ‖u¯‖L∞​(Br)≤C6.3(R−r)∑i≥0χ−i​‖u¯‖L2​pp−2​(BR)=C6.3(R−r)χχ−1||u¯||L2​pp−2​(BR)≤C6.3(R−r)χχ−1​‖u¯‖L1​(BR)p−22​p​‖u¯‖L∞​(BR)p+22​p≤12​‖u¯‖L∞​(BR)+2p+2p−2​C6.32​pp−2(R−r)2​χ​p(χ−1)​(p−2)||u¯||L1​(BR).\begin{split}&||\bar{u}||_{L^{\infty}(B_{r})}\leq\frac{C_{6.3}}{(R-r)^{\sum_{i\geq 0}\chi^{-i}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}(B_{R})}=\frac{C_{6.3}}{(R-r)^{\frac{\chi}{\chi-1}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}(B_{R})}\\ &\leq\frac{C_{6.3}}{(R-r)^{\frac{\chi}{\chi-1}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{1}(B_{R})}^{\frac{p-2}{2p}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\infty}(B_{R})}^{\frac{p+2}{2p}}\leq\frac{1}{2}||\bar{u}||_{L^{\infty}(B_{R})}+\frac{2^{\frac{p+2}{p-2}}C_{6.3}^{\frac{2p}{p-2}}}{(R-r)^{\frac{2\chi p}{(\chi-1)(p-2)}}}||\bar{u}||_{L^{1}(B_{R})}.\end{split}

The desired conclusion now follows from the following lemma applied to f⁡(r)=‖u¯‖L∞​(Br)f(r)=||\bar{u}||_{L^{\infty}(B_{r})}, which is a special case of Lemma 4.3 in [22]. ∎

Lemma 6.4.

Let f:[12,1]→ℝf:[\frac{1}{2},1]\rightarrow\mathbb{R} be nonnegative, monotone increasing, such that there exists M>0M>0, α>0\alpha>0, such that for any 12≤r<R≤1\frac{1}{2}\leq r<R\leq 1, it holds

f⁡(r)≤12​f​(R)+M(R−r)α.f(r)\leq\frac{1}{2}f(R)+\frac{M}{(R-r)^{\alpha}}.

Then for some Cα>0C_{\alpha}>0 depending only on α\alpha, we have

f⁡(12)≤Cα​M.f(\frac{1}{2})\leq C_{\alpha}M.

Next we show that when n=2n=2, for the solution to (6.1) and (6.2), |∇ϕ||\nabla\phi| locally bounded implies GG is locally bounded from above. More precisely,

Proposition 6.5.

Let ϕ\phi be a smooth solution to (6.1), (6.2) in B1⊂ℂ2B_{1}\subset\mathbb{C}^{2} such that |∇ϕ||\nabla\phi| is bounded. Then for some constant C6.4C_{6.4}, we have

(6.29) eG≤C6.4​ in B12.e^{G}\leq C_{6.4}\textrm{ in $B_{\frac{1}{2}}$.}

Here C6.4C_{6.4} depends only on ‖∇ϕ‖0||\nabla\phi||_{0} and R¯\underline{R}.

Proof.

Let 0<δ<10<\delta<1 and K>1K>1 to be determined. We will compute Δϕ​(eδ​G​(|∇ϕ|2+K))\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\delta G}(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K)). As before, for any point p∈B1p\in B_{1} we are considering, we can always do a unitary coordinate transform which makes ϕi​j¯​(p)=ϕi​i¯​(p)​δi​j\phi_{i\bar{j}}(p)=\phi_{i\bar{i}}(p)\delta_{ij}. Under this coordinate, we can compute:

(6.30) Δϕ​(eδ​G​(|∇ϕ|2+K))=eδ​G​(δ2​|∇ϕG|2−δ​R¯)​(|∇ϕ|2+K)+eδ​G​Δϕ​(|∇ϕ|2)+eδ​G​δ​Gi​(|∇ϕ|2)i¯+Gi¯​(|∇ϕ|2)iϕi​i¯.\begin{split}&\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\delta G}(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K))=e^{\delta G}(\delta^{2}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}-\delta\underline{R})(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K)+e^{\delta G}\Delta_{\phi}(|\nabla\phi|^{2})\\ &+e^{\delta G}\delta\frac{G_{i}(|\nabla\phi|^{2})_{\bar{i}}+G_{\bar{i}}(|\nabla\phi|^{2})_{i}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}.\end{split}

Similar to the calculation in Theorem 2.1, we can find:

(6.31) Δϕ​(|∇ϕ|2)=|ϕi​j|2ϕi​i¯+Δ​ϕ+Gi​ϕi¯+Gi¯​ϕi\displaystyle\Delta_{\phi}(|\nabla\phi|^{2})=\frac{|\phi_{ij}|^{2}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}+\Delta\phi+G_{i}\phi_{\bar{i}}+G_{\bar{i}}\phi_{i}
(6.32) (|∇ϕ|2)i=∑jϕi​j​ϕj¯+ϕi​i¯​ϕi¯.\displaystyle(|\nabla\phi|^{2})_{i}=\sum_{j}\phi_{ij}\phi_{\bar{j}}+\phi_{i\bar{i}}\phi_{\bar{i}}.

Hence we obtain

(6.33) Δϕ​(eδ​G​(|∇ϕ|2+K))=eδ​Gϕi​i¯​|δ​ϕj​Gi+ϕi​j|2+K​eδ​G​(δ2​|∇ϕG|2−δ​R¯)−eδ​G​δ​R¯​|∇ϕ|2+eδ​G​Δ​ϕ+eδ​G​(1+δ)​(Gi​ϕi¯+Gi¯​ϕ)≥eδ​G​K​δ2​|∇ϕG|2+eδ​G​Δ​ϕ−δ​R¯​eδ​G​|∇ϕ|2−δ​R¯​K​eδ​G−12​K​δ2​eδ​G​|∇ϕG|2−12​(1+δ)2​eδ​G​|∇ϕ|2​Δ​ϕK​δ2.\begin{split}&\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\delta G}(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K))=\frac{e^{\delta G}}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}|\delta\phi_{j}G_{i}+\phi_{ij}|^{2}+Ke^{\delta G}(\delta^{2}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}-\delta\underline{R})-e^{\delta G}\delta\underline{R}|\nabla\phi|^{2}\\ &+e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi+e^{\delta G}(1+\delta)(G_{i}\phi_{\bar{i}}+G_{\bar{i}}\phi)\geq e^{\delta G}K\delta^{2}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}+e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi-\delta\underline{R}e^{\delta G}|\nabla\phi|^{2}\\ &-\delta\underline{R}Ke^{\delta G}-\frac{1}{2}K\delta^{2}e^{\delta G}|\nabla_{\phi}G|^{2}-\frac{1}{2}\frac{(1+\delta)^{2}e^{\delta G}|\nabla\phi|^{2}\Delta\phi}{K\delta^{2}}.\end{split}

Now we choose δ=18\delta=\frac{1}{8}, and we choose KK sufficiently large so that (1+δ)2​|∇ϕ|2K​δ2<1\frac{(1+\delta)^{2}|\nabla\phi|^{2}}{K\delta^{2}}<1. Hence we obtain from (6.33):

(6.34) Δϕ​(eδ​G​(|∇ϕ|2+K))≥12​eδ​G​Δ​ϕ−eδ​G​C6.5.\Delta_{\phi}(e^{\delta G}(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K))\geq\frac{1}{2}e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi-e^{\delta G}C_{6.5}.

Here C9C_{9} depends only on R¯\underline{R} and ‖∇ϕ‖0||\nabla\phi||_{0}. Define η⁡(z)=(1−|z|2)−1\eta(z)=(1-|z|^{2})^{-1} for z∈B1z\in B_{1}. We show that |Δϕ​η|≤C6.6​η3​∑i1ϕi​i¯|\Delta_{\phi}\eta|\leq C_{6.6}\eta^{3}\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}.Indeed,

Δϕ​η=ϕi​j¯​∂i​j¯(η)=ϕi​j¯​((1−|z|2)−2​δi​j+2​(1−|z|2)−3​z¯i​zj)=ϕi​j¯​η3​((1−|z|2)​δi​j+2​z¯i​zj).\begin{split}\Delta_{\phi}\eta&=\phi^{i\bar{j}}\partial_{i\bar{j}}(\eta)=\phi^{i\bar{j}}\bigg((1-|z|^{2})^{-2}\delta_{ij}+2(1-|z|^{2})^{-3}\bar{z}_{i}z_{j}\bigg)\\ &=\phi^{i\bar{j}}\eta^{3}\big((1-|z|^{2})\delta_{ij}+2\bar{z}_{i}z_{j}\big).\end{split}

From this the claim follows easily. Denote v=eδ​G​(|∇ϕ|2+K)v=e^{\delta G}(|\nabla\phi|^{2}+K). Suppose the function v−ηv-\eta achieves maximum at p∈B1p\in B_{1}. There are two possibilities:

Suppose v⁡(p)−η⁡(p)≤0v(p)-\eta(p)\leq 0, then we immediately conclude that

v⁡(z)≤η⁡(z)≤43, for any z∈B12.v(z)\leq\eta(z)\leq\frac{4}{3},\textrm{ for any $z\in B_{\frac{1}{2}}$.}

Then we are done.

Suppose otherwise v⁡(p)−η⁡(p)≥0v(p)-\eta(p)\geq 0, then we know at pp:

(6.35) 0≥Δϕ​(v−η)​(p)≥12​eδ​G​Δ​ϕ−eδ​G​C6.5−C6.6​η3​∑i1ϕi​i¯≥12​eδ​G​Δ​ϕ−C6.6​v3​e−G​Δ​ϕ−eδ​G​C6.5≥12​eδ​G​Δ​ϕ−C6.7​e−(1−3​δ)​G​Δ​ϕ−eδ​G​C6.5.\begin{split}0&\geq\Delta_{\phi}(v-\eta)(p)\geq\frac{1}{2}e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi-e^{\delta G}C_{6.5}-C_{6.6}\eta^{3}\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}\\ &\geq\frac{1}{2}e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi-C_{6.6}v^{3}e^{-G}\Delta\phi-e^{\delta G}C_{6.5}\geq\frac{1}{2}e^{\delta G}\Delta\phi-C_{6.7}e^{-(1-3\delta)G}\Delta\phi-e^{\delta G}C_{6.5}.\end{split}

In the third inequality above, we used that ∑i1ϕi​i¯=e−G​Δ​ϕ\sum_{i}\frac{1}{\phi_{i\bar{i}}}=e^{-G}\Delta\phi, which is true only in dimension 2. Also we used that at pp, η≤v\eta\leq v.

Suppose at pp, we have 14​eδ​G≤C6.7​e−(1−3​δ)​G\frac{1}{4}e^{\delta G}\leq C_{6.7}e^{-(1-3\delta)G}, this immediately gives a bound for eGe^{G}, hence vv at pp. Then we are done.

Suppose otherwise, then we have at pp

(6.36) 0≥eδ​G​14​Δ​ϕ−eδ​G​C6.5≥eδ​G​(14​eG2−C6.5).0\geq e^{\delta G}\frac{1}{4}\Delta\phi-e^{\delta G}C_{6.5}\geq e^{\delta G}(\frac{1}{4}e^{\frac{G}{2}}-C_{6.5}).

Then we also get an estimate for eGe^{G} at pp. So we are done as well. ∎

Original mathematics by the credited authors. Source-backed reader collection; mathematical self-containment is not assessed.