ScalingStacks

Example 11.5 . [030K]

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Example 11.5.

Returning to Example 11.3, consider the function f๐”กf_{\mathfrak{d}} attached to the ray of slope 11 for the cases โ„“=1,2\ell=1,2 and 33. In each case, the surface XX is โ„™2\mathbb{P}^{2}, with coordinate axes D1,D2D_{1},D_{2} and DoutD_{\mathrm{out}}. Then X~\widetilde{X} is obtained by blowing up โ„“\ell points on each of D1D_{1} and D2D_{2}.

Considering first the case of โ„“=1\ell=1, we note that for ฮฒ=dโ€‹H\beta=dH, the class of a degree dd curve in โ„™2\mathbb{P}^{2}, the only relevant choice of ๐{\bf P} is ๐1=d{\bf P}_{1}=d, ๐2=d{\bf P}_{2}=d, and thus we have

ฮฒ๐=dโ€‹ฮฝโˆ—โ€‹Hโˆ’dโ€‹E11โˆ’dโ€‹E21.\beta_{\bf P}=d\nu^{*}H-dE_{11}-dE_{21}.

This represents the class of a curve of degree dd passing through the two blown-up points dd times each. It is easy to see that the only choice for such a curve is a dd-fold cover of a line passing through the two points. Furthermore, this cover must be totally ramified over DoutD_{\mathrm{out}} to guarantee the required order of tangency with DoutD_{\mathrm{out}}. This requires a virtual count, and the relevant localization calculations are carried out in [27], giving a value of N๐=(โˆ’1)d+1/d2N_{{\bf P}}=(-1)^{d+1}/d^{2}. Thus we get

logโกf๐”ก=โˆ‘d=1โˆždโก((โˆ’1)d+1d2)โ€‹t2โ€‹dโ€‹xโˆ’dโ€‹yโˆ’d.\log f_{\mathfrak{d}}=\sum_{d=1}^{\infty}d\left({(-1)^{d+1}\over d^{2}}\right)t^{2d}x^{-d}y^{-d}.

Exponentiating one finds f๐”ก=1+t2โ€‹xโˆ’1โ€‹yโˆ’1f_{\mathfrak{d}}=1+t^{2}x^{-1}y^{-1}, agreeing with Example 11.3. So here we are just counting the one line through two points in โ„™2\mathbb{P}^{2} along with certain multiple covers of this line.

Going to โ„“=2\ell=2, and ฮฒ=dโ€‹H\beta=dH, one finds four choices for the partition in the case d=1d=1, ๐=(1+0,1+0),(1+0,0+1),(0+1,1+0){\bf P}=(1+0,1+0),(1+0,0+1),(0+1,1+0), and (0+1,0+1)(0+1,0+1). Each corresponds to a choice of one point on each of D1D_{1}, D2D_{2}, and one has one line through each of these pairs of points. Thus N๐=1N_{\bf P}=1 for each choice of such ๐{\bf P}. As in the case โ„“=1\ell=1, each of these lines also contributes to higher degree via multiple covers, with, say, ๐=(d+0,d+0){\bf P}=(d+0,d+0) contributing N๐=(โˆ’1)d+1/d2N_{\bf P}=(-1)^{d+1}/d^{2}. For d=2d=2, one sees there are no curves for ๐=(2+0,1+1){\bf P}=(2+0,1+1), say, as this would require a conic with a node on D1D_{1} and tangent to DoutD_{\mathrm{out}}; such does not exist. But with ๐=(1+1,1+1){\bf P}=(1+1,1+1), we look at conics passing through all four points and tangent to DoutD_{\mathrm{out}}. It is very easy to see there are two such conics.

One can then check that the only other curves contributing are multiple covers of one of the four lines or two conics. The multiple cover contribution for conics is actually different than for lines, because the order of tangency with DoutD_{\mathrm{out}} is different. It turns out the correct contribution for a dd-fold cover of a conic is 1/d21/d^{2}. Hence we find

logโกf๐”ก=4โ€‹โˆ‘d=1โˆždโก((โˆ’1)d+1d2)โ€‹t2โ€‹dโ€‹xโˆ’dโ€‹yโˆ’d+2โ€‹โˆ‘d=1โˆž2โ€‹dโ€‹(1d2)โ€‹t4โ€‹dโ€‹xโˆ’2โ€‹dโ€‹yโˆ’2โ€‹d\log f_{\mathfrak{d}}=4\sum_{d=1}^{\infty}d\left({(-1)^{d+1}\over d^{2}}\right)t^{2d}x^{-d}y^{-d}+2\sum_{d=1}^{\infty}2d\left(1\over d^{2}\right)t^{4d}x^{-2d}y^{-2d}

and exponentiating we get

f๐”ก=(1+t2โ€‹xโ€‹y)4(1โˆ’t4โ€‹xโˆ’2โ€‹yโˆ’2)4=(1โˆ’t2โ€‹xโˆ’1โ€‹yโˆ’1)โˆ’4.f_{\mathfrak{d}}={(1+t^{2}xy)^{4}\over(1-t^{4}x^{-2}y^{-2})^{4}}=(1-t^{2}x^{-1}y^{-1})^{-4}.

In the case that โ„“=3\ell=3, one expects 3ร—3=93\times 3=9 lines, as there is one line passing through each pair of choices of one point on D1D_{1} and one point on D2D_{2}. For conics, one has double covers of these lines, for a contribution of โˆ’9/4-9/4, and 2ร—3ร—3=182\times 3\times 3=18 conics. Here one needs to choose two points on D1D_{1} and two points on D2D_{2}, and then there are two conics passing through these four points tangent to DoutD_{\mathrm{out}}.

For cubics, there is the contribution of triple covers of lines, for a total of 9/99/9, and a number of contributions from plane cubics. It turns out that for ๐=(1+1+1,1+1+1){\bf P}=(1+1+1,1+1+1), N๐=18N_{\bf P}=18. Note this gives a count of nodal plane cubics passing through 66 fixed points and for which DoutD_{\mathrm{out}} is a tri-tangent. On the other hand, for ๐=(1+2+0,1+1+1){\bf P}=(1+2+0,1+1+1), N๐=3N_{\bf P}=3. Note that there are a total of 1212 partitions of this shape. This latter count represents nodal cubics with the node at one of the chosen points, passing also through four other chosen points, with DoutD_{\mathrm{out}} being tritangent. One concludes that

logf๐”ก=9t2xโˆ’1yโˆ’1+2(โˆ’9/4+18)t4xโˆ’2yโˆ’2+3(9/9+54)t6xโˆ’3yโˆ’3+โ‹ฏ.\log f_{\mathfrak{d}}=9t^{2}x^{-1}y^{-1}+2(-9/4+18)t^{4}x^{-2}y^{-2}+3(9/9+54)t^{6}x^{-3}y^{-3}+\cdots.

A direct comparision with the value given in Example 11.3 gives agreement.

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